RECREATIONAL ILLUSTRATION

There is much call for illustration these days. In the age of the self-observed and self-obsessed and when we all have cameras that can take video and stills to a quality unsuspected even 10 years ago any publication, web or print, is boring if it is not adorned with colour illustrations.



If the subject is no longer extant then other physical evidences can be assembled to synthesise a version of what may have been.
In many cases this hypothesis is accepted on the basis of activity, colour and composition before any determination of how accurately the illustration matches the evidence materials or reality.

The oldest illustration I  own is a coloured print of    depicting a battle in the Bronze Age. The costume is based on finds but rather conservative and the action is rather staid.

Bronze Age battle 1891

 

The next oldest illustration I own is from 1925 and shows the Nydam ship - an Iron Age longboat - along with other finds from the Danish Mosefunde (bog-finds). It is pretty good. Nothing looks distorted from original ideas on how the items were used and they are presented at the correct scale. The mail shirts are a little too 'knitted' in appearance but this 1925 synthesis of the disparate finds still largely holds today even if the level of action is still rather subdued.

1928 - Cover only, rest bw text

Look and Learn 1967 colour inside!

The First Golden Age of Illustration was from the late 60s to the 70's when colour offset became  commonplace for weekly magazines. Look and Learn, Eagle and their ilk created technicolour explosions in the minds of young people to contrast  with the black and white of most textbooks and newspapers.


 It was at these publications that the Embletons and Angus Mcbride, among others got their careers started.

Assyrians in action

  
Don Lawrence is my personal favourite because of the Trigan
Empire as well as his historical illustrations.

 

 

Peter Connolly was the doyen of these illustrators who followed archaeological prototypes immaculately.

Digital art self-published by Kostas Nikellis

The Second Golden Age of Illustration has come in the nineties and noughties when publishers such as Osprey took advantage of digital technology and every man and his dog has the chance to create

and publish thier own efforts.If not for cash then artists can make thier work available to large audiences free on personal blogs, fora or even fbook.



Of course, the essential criterion is the possession of draughtsman's and painter's skills which I am well aware  I have only in very modest quantity. No one gets published by a business without jumping some severe critical hurdles. Any artist getting his work out has achieved something and any comments I make here take nothing away from that. My target here is the message, not the messenger. Sometimes, of course,  the messenger is also the author, in which case there is no escape from the spotlight.

The 'message' here is the recreation of some past scene or artefact. The final demise of the Spartans at Thermoplylæ or the Kolossos at Rhodos, for example.

Ooh the humanity..!

Here on this blog the main subject is ancient galley warfare. There is not a great deal of evidence surviving under this heading compared to, for example, Roman Legionary's equipment - and so the demand for reconstructive illustration is therefore greater. It is not enough to show the Lenormant relief again, we want a cut-way isometric projection in full technicolour for gods'sake.

The tricky bit with ships comes when an illustration should show a functional galley. Ship illustration
is not easy. Napoleonic ships give me nightmares just thinking of being forced to produce a drawing of one. Ancient galleys have loads of oars, loads of crewmen, rigging and the whole lot crammed into a carefully crafted wooden structure, on the sea, A tall order.

However.

Certain basic factors should be considered in approaching a reconstructive illustration.

Is the material I am using to create my hypothesis reliable?
Can it be taken literally, at face value?
Does the reconstruction include essential aspects we have contemporary evidence for, never mind the uncertainties of ancient material?
Does the reconstruction follow basic laws of persepctive and draughting ?
Does the scene illustrated accord with what we know of physics and natural history ?

Check some of your favourite reconstructions and see how they measure up.

Now we come to the item which sparked this blogpost and it concerns one of my favourite ancient artefacts.

The Aristonathos krater is a ceramic wine vessel. Used to mix wine with water before serving. It was found at Cervetri in Etruria and was probably made in the Western Greek colonies. The vase shows two ships approaching each other. One is shown with oarsmen, one without. One has a mast and yard, one has not. One has a 'boar face ram', the other has a wierd 'hook-beaked' prow.

 

Exactly how to interpret the scene on the vase and the individual ships is not so straightforward.

Drawing of complete ornament of the krater

Angel D. Pinto is an illustrator who works for many popular publishers such as Medieval Warfare and HAt. He has illustrated Josh Brouwers' book Henchemen of Ares with a version of the Aristonathos krater scene HERE.

Pereklis Deligiannis writes a blog I follow on Ancient History and Military matters.Let's see what Pereklis  thinks about  a reconstruction of the Aritothonos scene by Angel HERE. 

Periklis summary of the scene is that the left-hand ship is a triakonter (a thirty-oared ship), the right-hand a merchantman, the warriors wear three types of helmet and that arrows and javelins are flying. He identifies the combatants as Greeks versus Etruscans and the location even - is narrowed down to the Tyrrhenian Sea.

The problems I see here are that Periklis is already preferring the reconstruction to the original archaeological evidence before he has even finished the piece. I think this is a failing. We should always prefer the original to any modern interpretation/hypothesis.


Examining the vase there are no traces of arrows or javelins , nor bows, and the the warriors seem to have the same type of helmets all. The left -hand ship is equipped with a ram and therfore probably mean to be contrasted with the 'round ship' or freighter with its rigging and lack of oarsmen - seen at the right. There is nothing to distinguish the left-hand ship from a monokrotic pentekonter, a triakonter or a stylised anything-ship.

The problem with the illustration here is that it is already fanciful and not faithful to the original source.

The biggest hurdle for an illustrator seeking to reconstruct the scene on this vase is the round ship's prow. WTF is that ?  A quick websearch for 'wooden ship bows' or such will show you a variety of forms but none match this monstrosity.

The truth may lie in the work and experience of the krater's decorater. Had he seen a ship like the one he drew? Had he a ship in his mind's eye which did not quite match reality. Did he make an erro rin draughting and had to follow it through. It is unlikely vase decorators - often slaves who did not venture far from the workshop - would have a good grasp of a ship's form and structure enough to depict them accurately on a pot. We can see this is true from the depiction of the ram-equipped ship. The bows are given an animalistic appearance. Two things argue for the fact that the round ship on the krater was not an accurate representation.
First, there exists other representations showing complex prows which could be misinterpreted or simply drawn kack-handedly.

Louvre pyxis D.150

1) another vase with a similar scene where the round
         ship's prow is a monstrous head with a mouth and tongue.

 

Freighter 2-3 cenAD, Ostia

 2) The famous Isis Geminiana fresco

Fifth century BC Etruscan tomb

 3) The Tombe Della Nave at Tarquinia

Secondly, if one tries to draught the curves of the ship's prow on a curved vase surface, the result can be confusion. Try it for yourself. The prow of a freighter drawn more accurately to illustrate a similar scene on a later vase shows the contrasting curves which could have led the decorator astray.

 In any event we must accept that a vase painter was not a naval architect draughtsman.

What this shows is the dangers of taking the source material too literally. The result can be seen in Pinto's picture. The bows of the round ship are just incredible. The wooden construction to produce that shape is wholly unconvincing and the consequences of sailing with a bow of that shape would be disasterous in anything but the lightest of breezes. In addition, the projecting rails or wales of the krater or wholly absent form the reconstruction - a compounding departure from the evidence.

Let's now examine the attacking warship, the left-hand ship. Pinto's picture is praised by Deligiannis but I cannot concur.

A most basic error is apparent when one looks at the 'oarsman' at the lower centre of the picture. He is not even rowing. He is paddling. According to the bow-wave of the ship he is facing the wrong way if he is rowing. The original vase decorator did not make this mistake. In addition, that bow-wave seems to precede the ship ! If one looks over the bow of a ship the bow-wave breaks onto the bow and parts to give the wave on each side. It does not precede the ship.

The structure of the bow area - the focsle - is totally absent from the krater but added here in what appears to be a miniature form.

Next, the oarsmen (paddlers!) are armed. On the vase they are not. It was unusual that oarsmen also fought.

As mentioned above, the warriors are variously armed instead of being uniform as on the krater and the crest form of the krater is not seen in the picture.

Lastly the catwalk deck is strangely low and does not appear to meet the focsle.

It could be that the advancing ship is a combination of both from the vase ? In which case...?

The sum effect of these defects means that the reconstruction violates physics, natural history and rules of draughtsmanship.

"No, Dougalos, the warrior on the catwalk deck is closer, the warrior in the crows nest is far away"

This unfortunate picture is an example which shows errors typical on many reconstruction pictures which appear more convincing at first sight. Try applying the criteria suggested before you even examine the faithfulness to the source material and you will be surprised how many reconstructional reincarnations of history show themselves rather as recreational illustrations.

Can that gangplank function where it is drawn ? What is the thickness of that beam or oar ? How high is that ship compared to the original ?

Do not blindly accept an uncontrolled fantasy. Rivet or stud counters do not let a lorica errata slip through in a picture of Roman legionaries. Why should a bleeding great ship of foolishness escape critique?

HISTORICAL MODELS

Have a look at the model ships used for the first Ben Hur film of 1925 and refurbished for use in the 1959 Charlton Heston epic.

They are copper-hulled and 2-3 metres long ! Originally with a rowing mechanism inside they had wooden decks and sails and rigging now lost.

Strange but beautiful. Not clear who bought them or how much for.

You can see some of them in action on YOUTUBE at various locations.
 Splendid stuff !

FEAT OF CLAY ?

 The terracotta model that is in the Danish National Museum and known as the 'Erment Model' was fuel for a debate in the long-running saga af the ancient galley.

My reconstruction of the 'Erment Model'

Lucien Brasch argued in 1969(1)  that the model supported the idea that there was more than one type of trieres. His reasoning was that the Greeks had their own interpretation of an original idea by the Phoenicians. The model was found in Egypt and must represent a trieres tradition from the eastern Mediterranean which differed from the Hellenistic variety.

Just how one could make an alternative trireme is a  bit of a puzzle but not beyond ingenuity. We have today the advantage of having seen a working trieres in the form of Olympias  (2) and must admit that this colours our vision. Notwithstanding this, there are still critics such as Alec Tilley(3) who have alternative suggestions for how a trieres could be constructed on other lines.

The '3' is here three men sitting side-by-side

Tilley would have the oarsmen on the same level - ergo Erment cannot be a trieres

 Tilley thinks the Erment model could therefore be a hexeres !(x) With two men on each oar because only with such a large number of men and oars would  tiers be necessary.

After Brasch the Erment model is seen as supporting a version of the trieres which is first seen on the Sennacherib stela from Nineveh and that show the flight of Luli from Sidon.

Nineveh stela c.701.bc.

 It is narrow and high, with no apparent outrigger - the parexereisea. Even 'The Athenian Trireme' supported the idea that there is a an unused tier of oarplaces in these reliefs. Odd. If one is fleeing why not use full speed? A rather unbelievable illustration of these ships was given in the Osprey New Vanguard 196 'Warships of the Ancient  World' book.

 In 1975 Alan Lloyd(4)  pretty much knocked the 'Phoenician trieres' theory into touch with his thorough-going rebuttal of Brasch's paper. It includes a quote from R.C. Anderson's 1962 paper(5) which is rather damning. viz.

'It may be made for a trireme, but there is nothing whatever to be learnt from it.'

Subsequently, an expert on specifically Egyptian Hellenistic terracottas  remarked (6)

'Technically Græco-Egyptian terracottas are clumsy work, made with few moulds and the minimum of effort.'

Lloyd's conclusion/broadside...

'M.Brasch may well be right in claiming that the craftsman had in mind a Phoenician trireme but it seems hazardous in the extreme to use such an object to prove that the ship did not possess a parexeiresia, was not equipped with wales - neither of which occur  on Egyptian ships and may well have fallen outside the potter's experience - and had a hull whose proportions differed fundamentally from its Greek counterpart.'

Erment/Phoenicia to the left,: Olympias/Greece to the right

The model has also been used as a possible blueprint for an eastern Mediterranean penteres (7) which is supposed to differ from the Syracusan version by, again, having no outrigger and with double-manned upper oar-tiers.

Straight.sided penteres(removing hanging oarbox

Making the model gave me a little insight into the potter's task. Forgetting any high ideas about an accurate scale model - the concept of which was probably some way ahead in history from when the clay ship was produced.

As any clay structure is built up it tends to sag under its own weight. One can avoid this by a) avoiding overhangs and b) ensuring all points are supported from beneath c) making the structure lighter in the top.

I think the Erment model has its final shape because of these factors. The original profile of a trieres is almost impossible to make in a model of this size if one is not going to take time-consuming steps to support it and let it dry progressively as one builds.

Looks Ementish but WRONG. From Napoleon III's reconstruction of 1882 by Admiral Serre. A classic failure.

Still wrong profile - perfectly round is BAD (puking imminent)

Profile of Olympias by John Coates. Too broad for a clay model.

This is no problem for some smaller, more primitive ship models. Pottery has alway sbeen a lowly trade and pot items very cheap. The idea of taking an inordinate amount of time on a cheap votive item is unlikely.

I also  think the Erment model does have an outrigger but it is misunderstood by the maker. AND transformed so that it fits with the clay's characteristics.

Instead of the oar tiers being set further outboard as in the real thing, the model has them set over each other for the sake of constructing something easily from clay.

The strips supporting the upper two tiers are there because they look like they should be there when one looks at a real trieres but they are also necessary to support the oars in the model. They cannot be set out from the hull or the thing will sag and break so they are set over each other. They show a gunwale and an outrigger but they cannot be set out from the hull or the whole lot will collapse.

The parexeiresia is beneath the upper oars but squished inboard

The epibatai (which could aequally have been the hyperesia) must be set on last. When the decks have dried a little and gained some strength the figures and shields can be glued -on with slip without fear of collapse.

The ship's profile is explained by these factors also. It is flat-bottomed because it must stand solidly as it is built. It is high and stright-sided because an open, low form will collapse unless a time-consuming process is adopted for construction.

I would say the modeller wanted to give a good impression of a trieres and he does. It is a slim, sleek ship with many oars. It has a fierce prominent ram and efficient prominent pedalia which look like they can really affect the ship's progress.

Version 2 may be painted to look a little less like Sonic the Hedgehog!

 Along with the many odd-shaped clay ships i think the Erment model has to be considered just that. In the broadest sense of the word. It is not a scaled-down copy of any ship, penteres, hexeres nor trieres but it is a representation interpreted by the non-sea-going potter and made within the limits of the chosen material. This trieres really does have feet of clay.
It's awful, but I like it.....
(Ref.list to follow)

A WALK IN MILETUS

Take a tour of ancient Miletus - an important naval base for the Achaemenians - at the site of the Hellenic Foundation for History and Culture.Tour starts with a trip on a trireme ;)